Mariam-uz-Zamani Tomb

Mariam-uz-Zamani Tomb

Mariam-uz-Zamani, also known as Heer Kunwari, Jodha Bai, Hira Kunwari or Harka Bai, (October 1, 1542 – May 19, 1623) was an Empress of the Mughal Empire. She was the wife of Mughal Emperor Akbar.She was his first and chief Rajput wife, the mother of the next Mughal Emperor, Jahangir and grandmother of the following Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.

Mariam-Uz-Zamani was referred to as the Queen Mother of Hindustan, during the reign of the Great Mughal, Emperor Akbar. She was the longest serving Hindu Mughal Empress. Her tenure, from 6 February 1562 to 27 October 1605, is that of over 43 years.

Her marriage to Akbar led to a gradual shift in his religious and social policy.Akbar's marriage with Rajkumari Heer Kunwari was a very important event in Mughal history. She is widely regarded in modern Indian historiography as exemplifying Akbar's and the Mughal's tolerance of religious differences and their inclusive policies within an expanding multi-ethnic and multi-denominational empire.

The structure was originally an open baradari (pleasure pavilion) under Sikander Lodi who built it in 1495 AD. It was adopted by the Mughals in 1623 AD and converted into a tomb by making a crypt below the central compartment. They remodelled it substantially. The ground floor consists of some forty chambers built by Sikander Lodi, which bear faint traces of paintings on plastered walls. The centre of the ground floor houses the cenotaph of Mariam.

The mausoleum contains three tombstones: one in the underground mortuary chamber, which is the grave itself; the cenotaph above it on the ground floor and another cenotaph on the terrace.

This square tomb stands in the centre of a sprawling Mughal garden. The square building of the tomb of Mariam Zamani is built on a raised platform with stairs on its northern and southern sides. The two corridors running from east-west and north-south divide the structure into nine sections that are further subdivided into smaller compartments. The largest one is at the centre, four small square ones at the corners and four oblong ones in the middle of four sides. Massive piers have been used to support the broad arches and vaulted ceilings. The building material is brick and mortar, with the finishing done in stucco.

The four facades of the building were reconstructed with red sandstone panels and a chhajja with addition of duchhati (mezzanine floors) at the corners by the Mughals. On each facade is an arch in the centre, set in a rectangular frame which projects forward. It is flanked on each side by a wing which consists of three arches and a set of double arches, one over the other, thus accommodating a duchhatti at each corner of the building. The arches are pointed. The wings are protected by chhajjas. The duchhatti are accessible by stairways.

The superstructure was also remodelled by Mughals by addition of chhatris and chhaparkhats. The superstructure has four massive octagonal chhatris on its four corners, and four oblong chhaparkhats on the middle of the four sides. Each chhatri is made out of red sandstone and stands on a square platform. Brackets have been used to support the internal lintels and external chhajja, five on each pillar, making a total of 40 brackets in one chhatri. Each chhaparkhat is rectangular and has eight pillars with a similar cluster of brackets. While the chhatris are made out of red sandstone, their domes are white. The roof of each chhaparkhats is white. Their domes are crowned by an inverted lotus or 'padma kosha'. These chhatris and chhaparkhats constitute the most important ornament of the whole composition. The rectangular chhaparkhats with eight pillars and a cluster of brackets resemble the corner cupolas. They dominate as much on façade as on superstructure. The building is complete in itself even without a dome. The mausoleum is of architectural importance in the category of Mughal tombs without a dome.